Handball is when a player deliberately touches the ball with their hand or arm, or accidentally touches it in a way that made their body unnaturally bigger and gained an advantage from it. The arm starts at the bottom of the armpit — the shoulder is not handball.

The 30-second version

Three things matter:

1. Was it deliberate? A player consciously moving their hand or arm to the ball is always handball.
2. Was the arm in an unnatural position? Arms held away from the body, raised above the shoulder, or used to make the body bigger count against the player.
3. Did it lead to a goal? Even an accidental handball that leads directly to a goal — by the scorer or in the immediate buildup — gets the goal disallowed.

If none of those apply, the ball touching a hand is just contact, not a foul.

When it happens in a match

Handball calls usually fall into a few buckets:

• Defender in the box, arm out wide. Ball hits the arm, referee gives a penalty. The argument is whether the arm was in a "natural" position for the movement.
• Attacker scores, replay shows a hand brush. Goal disallowed. The standard for goals is stricter — any handball by the scorer in the goal sequence is enough.
• Build-up handball. A teammate accidentally controls the ball with their arm, then passes to the scorer. Under the current law, this is only disallowed if it's the scorer's own handball or directly leads to the goal in the same phase.
• Goalkeeper handles outside the box. Always handball. Direct free kick to the attacking team and usually a yellow card.

A simple example

A defender slides to block a cross. Their trailing arm is tucked against their side. The ball deflects off the elbow.

No handball. The arm wasn't unnaturally extended, and the player wasn't trying to play the ball.

Same play, but the defender slides with their arm stretched wide above shoulder height. Same deflection.

Penalty. The arm made the body bigger and was in a position the law does not justify.

Common confusion

• "It hit his hand, that's a penalty." Not automatically. The referee judges whether the arm position was natural for the action.
• "He didn't mean it." Intent matters less than position. An accidental contact with an extended arm is still handball.
• **"VAR overruled the ref because of handball." VAR can review handball as part of a goal check or a penalty decision. It cannot intervene on a midfield handball that doesn't lead to a goal-scoring phase.

What fans usually get wrong

• The arm-vs-shoulder boundary is at the bottom of the armpit. A ball hitting the shoulder is fine.
• Hands behind the back when sliding into a tackle is the safest position — it's the modern defender's habit because of this rule.
• Attackers and defenders are judged differently. An accidental handball by a forward in the goal sequence kills the goal. The same accident by a defender outside their own box is often a no-call.

Official rule basis

Handball is part of Law 12 in the IFAB Laws of the Game (Fouls and Misconduct). The 2021 and 2023 updates clarified the "unnatural position" test and tightened the rule on goals scored immediately after an accidental handball. FIFA adopts the IFAB law for all official competitions.